NULL Is Not Zero, Not an Empty String, and Not False This single idea explains most NULL-related surprises: NULL represents an unknown or missing value — not zero, not an empty string, not boolean false. It's a placeholder meaning "there is no value here to compare," and that has real consequences for how comparisons behave. SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE salary = NULL; -- returns ZERO rows, always, for every row in the table SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE salary IS NULL; -- correctly returns Dave SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE salary IS NOT NULL; -- everyone except Dave salary = NULL doesn't mean "salary is unset" — it asks "is salary equal to this unknown value," and the honest answer to that question is always "unknown," never "yes." SQL has no way to spell "compare to NULL and get true" using =; IS NULL / IS NOT NULL are dedicated operators that exist precisely because equality can't do this job. For more like this, visit: https://codeoath.in/blog/sql-null-joins-aggregates